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Compare Ashmore and Cartier Islands (2001) - Bahrain (2002)

Compare Ashmore and Cartier Islands (2001) z Bahrain (2002)

 Ashmore and Cartier Islands (2001)Bahrain (2002)
 Ashmore and Cartier IslandsBahrain
Administrative divisions - 12 municipalities (manatiq, singular - mintaqah); Al Hadd, Al Manamah, Al Mintaqah al Gharbiyah, Al Mintaqah al Wusta, Al Mintaqah ash Shamaliyah, Al Muharraq, Ar Rifa' wa al Mintaqah al Janubiyah, Jidd Hafs, Madinat Hamad, Madinat 'Isa, Juzur Hawar, Sitrah


note: all municipalities administered from Manama
Age structure - 0-14 years: 29.2% (male 97,022; female 94,605)


15-64 years: 67.7% (male 261,919; female 182,727)


65 years and over: 3.1% (male 10,230; female 9,894) (2002 est.)
Agriculture - products - fruit, vegetables; poultry, dairy products; shrimp, fish
Airports - 4 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways - total: 3


over 3,047 m: 2 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways - total: 1


1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2002)
Area total:
5 sq km

land:
5 sq km

water:
0 sq km

note:
includes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle, and East Islets) and Cartier Island		 total: 665 sq km


land: 665 sq km


water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative about eight times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Background These uninhabited islands came under Australian authority in 1931; formal administration began two years later. Ashmore Reef supports a rich and diverse avian and marine habitat; in 1983 it became a National Nature Reserve. Recent geological explorations have indicated promising petroleum formations. Bahrain's small size and central location among Persian Gulf countries require it to play a delicate balancing act in foreign affairs among its larger neighbors. Possessing minimal oil reserves, Bahrain has turned to petroleum processing and refining, and has transformed itself into an international banking center. The new amir, installed in 1999, has pushed economic and political reforms, and has worked to improve relations with the Shi'a community. In February 2001, Bahraini voters approved a referendum on the National Action Charter - the centerpiece of the amir's political liberalization program. In February 2002, Amir HAMAD bin Isa Al Khalifa proclaimed himself king. In local elections held in May 2002, Bahraini women were allowed to vote and run for office for the first time.
Birth rate - 19.53 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Budget - revenues: $1.8 billion


expenditures: $2.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $700 million (2002 est.)
Capital - Manama
Climate tropical arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
Coastline 74.1 km 161 km
Constitution - adopted late December 2000; Bahrani voters approved on 13-14 February 2001 a referendum on legislative changes (revised constitution calls for a partially elected legislature, a constitutional monarchy, and an independent judiciary)
Country name conventional long form:
Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands

conventional short form:
Ashmore and Cartier Islands		 conventional long form: Kingdom of Bahrain


conventional short form: Bahrain


local long form: Mamlakat al Bahrayn


local short form: Al Bahrayn


former: Dilmun
Currency - Bahraini dinar (BHD)
Death rate - 3.95 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Debt - external - $2.8 billion (2000)
Dependency status territory of Australia; administered from Canberra by the Australian Department of the Environment, Sport, and Territories -
Diplomatic representation from the US none (territory of Australia) chief of mission: Ambassador Ronald E. NEUMANN


embassy: Building #979, Road 3119 (next to Al-Ahli Sports Club), Block 321, Zinj District, Manama


mailing address: American Embassy Manama, PSC 451, FPO AE 09834-5100; international mail: American Embassy, Box 26431, Manama


telephone: [973] 273-300


FAX: [973] 272-594
Diplomatic representation in the US none (territory of Australia) chief of mission: Ambassador Khalifa bin Ali bin Rashid AL KHALIFA


chancery: 3502 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008


telephone: [1] (202) 342-0741


FAX: [1] (202) 362-2192


consulate(s) general: New York
Disputes - international none none
Economic aid - recipient - $48.4 million (1995) (1995)
Economy - overview no economic activity In Bahrain, petroleum production and refining account for about 60% of export receipts, 60% of government revenues, and 30% of GDP. With its highly developed communication and transport facilities, Bahrain is home to numerous multinational firms with business in the Gulf. Bahrain is dependent on Saudi Arabia for oil revenue granted as aid. A large share of exports consists of petroleum products made from refining imported crude. Construction proceeds on several major industrial projects. Unemployment, especially among the young, and the depletion of oil and underground water resources are major long-term economic problems.
Electricity - consumption - 5,361.45 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports - 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports - 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - production - 5.765 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source - fossil fuel: 100%


hydro: 0%


nuclear: 0%


other: 0% (2000)
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point:
unnamed location 3 m		 lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m


highest point: Jabal ad Dukhan 122 m
Environment - current issues NA desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land, periods of drought, and dust storms; coastal degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, and distribution stations; lack of freshwater resources, groundwater and seawater are the only sources for all water needs
Environment - international agreements - party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups - Bahraini 63%, Asian 19%, other Arab 10%, Iranian 8%
Exchange rates - Bahraini dinars per US dollar - 0.3760 (fixed rate pegged to the US dollar)
Executive branch - chief of state: King HAMAD bin Isa Al Khalifa (since 6 March 1999); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad (son of the monarch, born 21 October 1969)


head of government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al Khalifa (since NA 1971)


cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch


elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch
Exports - $5.5 billion (2001)
Exports - commodities - petroleum and petroleum products, aluminum, textiles
Exports - partners - India 8.4%, US 3.9%, Saudi Arabia 3.4%, Japan 2.8%, South Korea 2.1% (2000)
Fiscal year - calendar year
Flag description the flag of Australia is used red with a white serrated band (eight white points) on the hoist side
GDP - purchasing power parity - $8.4 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector - agriculture: 1%


industry: 35%


services: 64% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita - purchasing power parity - $13,000 (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate - 4% (2001 est.)
Geographic coordinates 12 14 S, 123 05 E 26 00 N, 50 33 E
Geography - note Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve established in August 1983 close to primary Middle Eastern petroleum sources; strategic location in Persian Gulf, which much of Western world's petroleum must transit to reach open ocean
Heliports - 1 (2002)
Highways - total: 3,164 km


paved: 2,433 km


unpaved: 731 km


note: a paved causeway links Bahrain and Saudi Arabia
Household income or consumption by percentage share - lowest 10%: NA%


highest 10%: NA%
Imports - $4.5 billion (2001)
Imports - commodities - crude oil, machinery, chemicals
Imports - partners - Saudi Arabia 28.7%, US 12.5%, UK 6.6%, France 6%, Japan 4% (2000)
Independence - 15 August 1971 (from UK)
Industrial production growth rate - 2% (2000 est.)
Industries - petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, offshore banking, ship repairing; tourism
Infant mortality rate - 19.18 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - 1.5% (2001 est.)
International organization participation - ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) - 1 (2000)
Irrigated land 0 sq km (1993) 50 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch - High Civil Appeals Court
Labor force - 295,000


note: 44% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national (July 1998 est.) (1998 est.)
Labor force - by occupation - industry, commerce, and service 79%, government 20%, agriculture 1% (1997 est.)
Land boundaries 0 km 0 km
Land use arable land:
0%

permanent crops:
0%

permanent pastures:
0%

forests and woodland:
0%

other:
100% (all grass and sand)		 arable land: 4.35%


permanent crops: 4.35%


other: 91.3% (1998 est.)
Languages - Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu
Legal system the laws of the Northern Territory of Australia, where applicable, apply based on Islamic law and English common law
Legislative branch - bicameral Parliament consists of Shura Council (40 members appointed by the King) and House of Deputies (40 members elected by restricted vote to serve four-year terms)


elections: House of Deputies - last held 31 October 2002 (next election to be held NA 2006)


election results: House of Deputies - percent of vote - NA%; seats by party - independents 21, Sunni Islamists 9, other 10


note: first elections since 7 December 1973; unicameral National Assembly dissolved 26 August 1975; National Action Charter created bicameral legislature on 23 December 2000; approved by referendum 14 February 2001; first legislative session of Parliament held on 25 December 2002
Life expectancy at birth - total population: 73.47 years


male: 71.05 years


female: 75.96 years (2002 est.)
Literacy - definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 88.5%


male: 91.6%


female: 84.2% (2002 est.)
Location Southeastern Asia, islands in the Indian Ocean, northwest of Australia Middle East, archipelago in the Persian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia
Map references Southeast Asia Middle East
Maritime claims contiguous zone:
12 NM

continental shelf:
200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive fishing zone:
200 NM

territorial sea:
3 NM		 contiguous zone: 24 NM


continental shelf: extending to boundaries to be determined


territorial sea: 12 NM
Merchant marine - total: 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 270,784 GRT/384,561 DWT


ships by type: bulk 2, cargo 4, container 2, includes a foreign-owned ship registered here as a flag of convenience: Kuwait 1 (2002 est.)
Military - note defense is the responsibility of Australia; periodic visits by the Royal Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force -
Military branches - Bahrain Defense Forces (BDF) comprising Ground Force (includes Air Defense), Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard, Police Force, Amiri Guards, National Guard
Military expenditures - dollar figure - $526.2 million (FY01)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP - 6.7% (FY01)
Military manpower - availability - males age 15-49: 222,572 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service - males age 15-49: 121,955 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - military age - 15 years of age (2002 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually - males: 5,926 (2002 est.)
National holiday - National Day, 16 December (1971); note - 15 August 1971 is the date of independence from the UK, 16 December 1971 is the date of independence from British protection
Nationality - noun: Bahraini(s)


adjective: Bahraini
Natural hazards surrounded by shoals and reefs that can pose maritime hazards periodic droughts; dust storms
Natural resources fish oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish, pearls
Net migration rate - 1.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Pipelines - crude oil 56 km; petroleum products 16 km; natural gas 32 km
Political parties and leaders - political parties prohibited but politically oriented nongovernment organizations are allowed
Political pressure groups and leaders - Shi'a activists fomented unrest sporadically in 1994-97, demanding the return of an elected National Assembly and an end to unemployment; several small, clandestine leftist and Islamic fundamentalist groups are active
Population no indigenous inhabitants

note:
there are only seasonal caretakers (July 2001 est.)		 656,397


note: includes 228,424 non-nationals (July 2002 est.)
Population below poverty line - NA%
Population growth rate - 1.67% (2002 est.)
Ports and harbors none; offshore anchorage only Manama, Mina' Salman, Sitrah
Radio broadcast stations - AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 0 (1998)
Radios - 338,000 (1997)
Railways - 0 km
Religions - Shi'a Muslim 70%, Sunni Muslim 30%
Sex ratio - at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 1.43 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 1.03 male(s)/female


total population: 1.29 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Suffrage - 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system - general assessment: modern system


domestic: modern fiber-optic integrated services; digital network with rapidly growing use of mobile cellular telephones


international: tropospheric scatter to Qatar and UAE; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; submarine cable to Qatar, UAE, and Saudi Arabia; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat (1997)
Telephones - main lines in use - 152,000 (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular - 58,543 (1997)
Television broadcast stations - 4 (1997)
Terrain low with sand and coral mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpment
Total fertility rate - 2.75 children born/woman (2002 est.)
Unemployment rate - 15% (1998 est.)
Waterways none none
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